I certainly agree with both Hawhee and Fitzgerald that it's time to push Burke's RHETORIC OF RELIGION more into the mainstream, not just for its insight into the forms of language (it's surely gotten its share of attention, within Burke studies, on that score), but also for its shrewd commentary on the imperatives of human nature. At the panel on Burke and education at NCA last month, Robert Wess raised the question of why there's so much religiosity in the air right now. The woman sitting next to him on the plane (I think it was) reading her Bible, among other mainifestations of Christian faith to cross his path, apparently filled him with wonder and trepidation. Where's all this presumptive fanaticism---the gist of Bob's inquiry---coming from in this enlightened day and age? I responded with Burke's definition of logology---the systematic study of theological terms for the light they may throw on the forms of language---with its implicit assertion that theological concepts and beliefs will surely be with us always, even unto the end of the age.
I should have gone further with that thought, however. It's Burke's philosophy that can explain the recrudescence of Fundamentalism in our time, not any positivism, empiricism, or scientism. From a scientistic standpoint, red-state revulsion at rampant sexuality and secularism in our popular culture is inexplicable. To a modernist, maybe even postmodernist, mindset, liberal preacher Harry Emerson Fosdick's naive prediction of 75 years ago would make eminent sense: Someday everybody's going to think like me. The dictates of the hortatory negative and its perfectionist residues will be rescinded. Under the irresistible weight of scientific demystifications, religion, except in its etiolated mainstream forms, will wither.
In my view, Scott-Coe brilliantly brings these issues to the fore once again. She makes Burke's inherently theological system (well, Chesebro called it a System in the title of HIS book) stand out clearly, figure/ground, in apt comparison with Augustine and counterpositioning with Ramus. Was Burke a theologian, and if so, what kind? Scott-Coe offers some neat stuff in partial answer to that query. (A definitive answer is not in the offing to that, as well as many other, questions about Burke and his philosophy.)
I hope to get to some of this neat stuff in later posts. If I can find them in my deep files, I might share, also, a couple of Burke's epistolary answers to my claim that he was, in fact, a theologain of a kind.
Poet, then actor, then theologian---aren't those the metaphors Burke proposed, in serial progression, for the symbol-using animal?
If you dare, tell me that's not so.
Comments
Among the many provocative statements Scott-Coe makes, I'll use this one as jumping-off point here: I find it helpful to see Burke's work as an 'ecumenism' between rhetoric and dialectic, the sacred and the secular, between content and form, serving simultaneously linguistic and religious ends. It is well-taken and consistent with the passage of hers I quoted above about how logology and theology in Burke are not easily separable. In fact, as Scott-Coe notes, logology evinces connections with gnosticism, where both systems see the Divine inside the human, inextricable from it. As Burke says in the intro to RR, the theological motive of perfection is necessarily present even in language used trivially.
This gnostic perspective on Burke has more than one facet, I do believe. The Divine essence, spirit, or pneuma that the gnostics saw as entrapped or imprisoned in the psycho-physical nature of man and woman is, it is true, analogous to the Infinite-Negative intuition that undergirds humankind's fitful pilgrimage along the Upward Way toward Divine enlightenment. That gnostic sense of radical Fallenness has its analogue also, I think, in Burke's scheme of things. Only, for Burke, that descent or (partial?) entrapment isn't wrought by body or cosmos, but rather by language, its selective and deflective myopia, and the molecular rigidities or pieties, our preferred terminological linkages, by which our social and political orientations confront ever-changing environmental conditions with trained incapacities. Burke's philosophy exudes, it seems to me, a radical sense of the Fall. not altogether unlike that of gnosticism in intensity.
Then, too, there is that mutual devotion to an Upward Way, a hierarchy of beings and values, a development and ramification of concepts that adumbrates semi-divine powers of creation within language itself. For the gnostics, it's the Pleroma with its many Aeons subordinate to the true, unknown, and hidden High God Himself, best referred to in negative terms. Beneath these Worthies are the fearsome Archons, offspring of the evil Demiurge that created this problematic universe, inhabitants of the planets above, sentinels on guard to arrest the Divine Light (read: spirit) of the uninitiated, as it tries to ascend to its Heavenly home after death. Burke's obsession with hierarchies and their ubiquitous manifestations in human life and thought hardly needs mention.
The need for gnosis central to this ancient religion has its counterpart in Burke as well. Salvation came to believers through understanding, via verbal instruction, of the ultimate sources of human bondage and the linguistic formuli that could finesse their spirit through the gauntlet of Supernatural Enemies it would meet on its upward flight. Salvation, Burke-style, comes in part through perspective by incongruity, verbal atom-smashing, and most particularly through reorientation via the paradox of purity, change wrought by reidentification from above. Some higher order of abstraction, not unlike the gnosis of long ago, places symbol-users in a startlingly new context in which they see themselves, to borrow Nietzsche's term, as an average. This new situation serves as motive for change.
One more possible similarity might provoke contention and debate. . Gnosticism was nihilistic in respect to this world and humankind's predicament within it. Recall how Burke characterizes his philosophy at the end of GM: He calls it NeoStoic. Stoicism was, for the Ancients, just a slightly milder form of Cynicism, the intensely nihilistic and iconoclastic orientation begun by Diogenes of Sinope at the time of Aristotle. I think Burke takes a pretty pessimistic view of the being he characterizes as rotten with perfection.
(Yes, yes, Burke's whole project focuses on how to go by [way of] language, through language, to [somehow, someway get] beyond [the deleterious temptations of] language. We all know that.)
Tell me I'm wrong. Go ahead. I dare ya'